Anatomy and Physiology II (APII) Milestone 1 Practice Test

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• Which blood component is integral to forming a hemostatic plug?
• Explain the bicarbonate buffer system and its relevance to pH regulation.
• Describe the basic structure and function of the gastrointestinal wall layers.
• Semilunar valves regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into which vessels?
• Which artery branches off the right coronary artery and supplies the right ventricle?
• Block in conduction between the atria and ventricles (AV block) mainly affects which interval?
• Which sequence describes negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?
• Presence of an S4 gallop is most closely associated with which condition?
• Which determinant of stroke volume corresponds to the heart muscle's responsiveness to filling?
• Differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity.
• In which type of vessel is the lumen diameter primarily regulated by neural and chemical controls?
• Which structure conducts impulses after the AV node to coordinate ventricular contraction?
• Which vessels primarily adjust resistance to regulate regional blood flow?
• Which vessel receives blood directly from the left ventricle?
• What are the three phases of hemostasis in order?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage when it leaves the circulation?
• How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity?
• Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down aged red blood cells?
• In which of the following conditions is a high or wide pulse pressure (> 25% of systolic pressure) common?
• Which vein is described as a deep arm vein formed from the radial and ulnar veins and draining into the axillary vein?
• Where does the extrinsic coagulation pathway converge?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid lineage and is among the early responders to infection?
• Which heart chamber is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary circuit?
• Which statement correctly describes passive and active transport across cell membranes?
• A contractile cardiac cell exposed to a calcium channel blocker would have which of the following changes to its action potential?
• Which chamber receives blood from the lungs?
• Which leukocyte is derived from myeloid stem cells and differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells?
• What is another name for the visceral pericardium?
• At high altitude with reduced oxygen, what sequence of changes occurs in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output before acclimation?
• S4 gallop occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• Which gland secretes cortisol?
• What neural reflex helps regulate blood pressure on a short-term basis?
• Which statement best defines hematocrit?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• In the tissues, the oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen from which part of hemoglobin?
• What is the Bohr effect in relation to hemoglobin?
• Which statement best describes net filtration pressure in capillaries?
• How does feedback regulation maintain pH within a narrow range?
• The aortic semilunar valve controls flow between which two structures?
• What happens during the coagulation phase?
• Which layer of the pericardium is the visceral layer that directly covers the heart?
• If severe bleeding occurs and is untreated, what happens to blood pressure and blood flow?
• Lymphocytes include which cells?
• What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and why is it important?
• How is CO2 transported in the blood?
• Which artery bifurcates to form the medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery?
• Which cell is a type of lymphocyte derived from lymphoid stem cells?
• Which statement correctly describes the structural and functional characteristics of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
• Increased belly fat is associated with which of the following cardiovascular effects?
• Which component of a neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?
• Where do neurotransmitters get released in chemical synapses?
• Which of the following describes acidosis effects on peripheral vessels and the heart's responsiveness to catecholamines?
• Which serous pericardial layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?
• Which organ filters blood and removes waste products?
• Which statement best describes hemoglobin's role in gas transport?
• What best describes the synaptic cleft?
• Which of the following best describes platelets?
• Which vascular structure has branches that supply the distal portions of the foot and digits?
• Which statement about active transport is true?
• How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate?
• Into which structure does blood from the left ventricle flow?
• Which structure in the heart contains additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to ventricular contractile cells?
• Which capillary type is found in tissues such as the kidney and endocrine glands, enabling rapid exchange?
• Which statement about myelin and conduction velocity is correct?
• Which valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle?
• Name the three phases of hemostasis.
• Which type of arteries dampen the pulsatile pressure from the heart and include the aorta?
• Which of the following are the formed elements in blood?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage after leaving the circulation?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down erythrocytes and recycling components such as hemoglobin?
• Which white blood cell is phagocytic and most abundant, acting as an early responder to infection but does not become a macrophage?
• What is the function of the pleural membranes?
• A abnormal SA node would primarily affect which aspect of cardiac function?
• If there is an S3 sound, in which phase of the cardiac cycle does it occur?
• Defects in the ventricular conduction system typically produce which electrocardiographic change?
• What is the primary component of blood plasma?
• Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles?
• How does aldosterone affect renal sodium handling?
• Which type of arteries are the first in the vascular series to dampen the surge of blood?
• A broad QRS complex indicates a defect in which part of the conduction system?
• Which artery branches into the LAD and circumflex and primarily supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?
• How does myelin affect nerve conduction?
• Into which vein does the external jugular vein typically drain?
• Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
• Define tidal volume.
• Verapamil blocks which ion channels to affect cardiac conduction?
• In which organ is an erythrocyte broken down?
• Which substance converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation?
• Which molecule is released during sympathetic activation that increases peripheral resistance?
• Which pairing is correctly matched as a major endocrine gland with a representative hormone?
• Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by which cells in response to antigens?
• What does ventilation-perfusion matching describe and why is it important?
• Which formed element is most abundant in healthy human blood?
• Which vessels are equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• Which part of the pericardium is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
• What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in cardiac conduction?
• Which hormone promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys to regulate dehydration?
• What is the typical diameter range for muscular arteries?
• Which chamber pumps blood into the aorta?
• During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta through which valve?
• During acidosis, what compensatory response helps maintain cardiac output?
• Which blood component is derived from myeloid stem cells and is involved in clotting but is not a leukocyte?
• Which statement best differentiates dendrites from axons?
• What is the role of the liver in digestion?
• Which statement best describes arterioles?
• Which pancreas hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
• Defect in ventricular repolarization affects which ECG component?
• In response to hypoxia, what happens to peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure?
• Which expression correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the bicarbonate buffer system, noting that CO2 is converted to carbonic acid in solution?
• What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in immunity?
• Which components comprise the bicarbonate buffer system used to regulate pH in the blood?
• How is carbon dioxide transported by hemoglobin?
• What is vascular spasm?
• Which cellular element is primarily responsible for hemostasis by forming a temporary plug?
• What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of structure and function.
• Which pericardial layer is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• How do feed-forward and feedback hormonal regulation differ?
• Which chamber receives systemic venous blood returning to the heart?
• Describe the sequence of cardiac conduction from SA node to Purkinje fibers.
• Damage to the left atrium and the posterior portion of the left ventricle is most consistent with occlusion of which artery?
• Which structure ensures a continuous blood supply to the brain?
• What occurs during platelet plug formation?
• Which statement best describes veins?
• Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
• The circumflex artery arises from which coronary artery?
• What is the Circle of Willis?
• Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
• What is the role of hypothalamic releasing hormones in endocrine regulation?
• Which vessel exits the right ventricle?
• Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge reflex?
• Name the functional units of the kidney.
• Which blood cell is broken down in the spleen and has its components recycled?
• How do the kidneys regulate fluid balance in response to dehydration?
• Which factor most increases peripheral resistance (PR)?
• Which pressure difference contributes to net filtration pressure by favoring filtration across capillaries?
• How does the atrioventricular (AV) node contribute to the heart's conduction system?
• Which type of arteries distribute blood to various organs and have a high content of smooth muscle enabling vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• A broad or prolonged QRS complex (> 100 ms) would indicate which of the following?
• Elastic (conducting) arteries are characterized by a high content of which protein that allows stretch and recoil?
• In an isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, reducing atrial inflow would cause what change in force of contraction and cardiac output?
• The layer that directly covers the heart is described as which of the following?
• Blockage of which blood vessel would most likely cause ischemia of the right side of the heart, including the interventricular septum and posterior walls of both ventricles?
• Which pericardial layer directly covers the heart?
• Which artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, inferior portion of the left ventricle, and posterior part of the interventricular septum?
• What is the homeostatic set point?
• Which cell is a type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages when it leaves the bloodstream and enters tissues?
• What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries?
• A trained athlete at rest has a lower heart rate but normal cardiac output. What must happen?
• In a schematic drawing of a vein, which structure is designated by letter D?
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for absorption and secretion?
• Which organ produces bile for fat emulsification?
• Which white blood cell is primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions and is not primarily phagocytic?
• Which statement about platelets during hemostasis is correct?
• During the coagulation phase of hemostasis, which molecule is produced to stabilize the blood clot?
• How is homeostasis achieved and illustrated by a negative feedback loop?
• Which arteries have a higher proportion of smooth muscle and regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• What is osmosis and why is it important in physiology?
• Which vein is the deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins and leads to the axillary vein?
• A deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm and leads to the axillary vein is called what?
• What is the function of the semilunar valves?
• What is the Frank-Starling law?
• Which coagulation pathway is initiated by tissue damage and leads to the activation of the common pathway?
• Megakaryocytes, which produce platelets, arise from which stem cell lineage?
• Which organ belongs to the pulmonary circuit?
• Basophils are characterized by which of the following?
• What primarily determines the hematocrit value?
• Which blood vessel is equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• Which veins drain the reproductive organs?
• Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for water reabsorption and countercurrent exchange?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid stem cell?
• Where are baroreceptors located that participate in the reflex regulating blood pressure?
• Which region drains into the external jugular vein?
• In an adult with excess belly fat, what happens to systemic vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• In ketoacidosis, what compensatory changes occur in peripheral resistance and blood pressure?
• In a physiologist’s isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, if the volume entering the heart through the atria is decreased below normal, what happens to the force of contraction and cardiac output?
• What is plasma?
• Define stroke volume and identify its three determinants.
• Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
• Abdominal fat accumulation has what effect on vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• Calcium channel blockade by certain drugs would primarily shorten which phase of the ventricular action potential?
• After breakdown of red blood cells, iron released from heme can be stored or recycled. Which statement is true about its fate?
• The aortic semilunar valve regulates blood flow between which two structures?
• Purkinje fibers are specialized conducting fibers located in which part of the heart?
• During diastole, which valve opens to permit blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
• Net filtration pressure is the force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; therefore, it is equal to the difference between which two pressures?
• How do peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones in their mechanism of action?
• Which component of blood acts as a solvent for dissolved or suspended substances?
• How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?
• Which sequence correctly lists the phases of an action potential in a neuron, in order?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for peristaltic movements?
• Which leukocyte leaves the circulation to become a macrophage in tissues?
• The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents which electrical event?
• During auscultatory blood pressure measurement, the diastolic pressure is recorded at the moment when the last Korotkoff sound is heard.
• Which structure is the Circle of Willis also known as, providing collateral circulation to the brain?
• Explain the difference between systole and diastole.
• Which condition promotes oxygen unloading from hemoglobin according to the Bohr effect?
• A man gains excess belly fat that increases resistance to blood flow and stress on the heart. What happens to vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• A patient receives a rapid infusion of saline; which explains the expected heart rate change?
• Which cells arise from lymphoid stem cells?